Operating System

The operating system (OS) is one of the most important elements of a computer system. A computer cannot operate without a functional operating system.

System software, which manages the whole hardware and software of a computer, is known as an operating system. It takes care of all the operations that occur within the system so that everything is running well.

Simply understand that the operating system is the computer’s brain.

Introduction to Operating Systems

An operating system functions as a means of communication between the human and the computer hardware.

The first thing you do when you turn on a computer is boot the operating system. It makes the system accept instructions and execute applications.

An operating system helps to do the following:

• Start the computer
• Execute programs and applications.
• Manage files and folders
• Control hardware devices
• Ensure system security

The operating systems that are commonly in use are:

• Windows
• Linux
• macOS

The operating systems can appear different; however, their fundamental functions are alike.

Types of Operating Systems

The operating systems may be categorised according to the number of users who can simultaneously utilise the system.

Single-User Operating System

A single-user operating system provides the privilege of one user working on a computer at a given time.

Features:

• Used in personal computers
• Home and school appropriate
• Easy to operate
  Designed for individual use

Examples: Windows on a personal computer.

Multi-User Operating System

A multi-user operating system enables more than one user to use the system at the same time.

Features:

• Applied to offices and big organisations.
• Allows several user accounts.
• System resources are shared effectively.
• Making individual user environments.

Examples: UNIX and Linux on the server.

Multi-user systems are usually applied in organisations where there are a number of individuals who require the use of the same resource.
Functions of an Operating System

An operating system plays some vital roles that enable a computer to perform its functions normally.

Function of these Operating Systems

Process Management

Process management is used to refer to all running programs.

In the case of having more than one application running simultaneously, the operating system would guarantee the following:

• Every programme receives sufficient CPU time.
• Programs execute without interrupting one another.
• The system does not unnecessarily slow down.

As an illustration, when you are working on a document, you can listen to music, as the operating system is able to manage both of these applications concurrently.

Memory Management

Memory management regulates the use of the memory (RAM) of the computer.

The operating system:

• Gives out memory to various programs.
• Make sure that memory is utilised in an efficient way.
• Checks against the misuse of memory by programs.

Correct memory management increases system performance and stability.

File Management

File management entails the organisation and management of data stored in the computer.

The operating system:

• Creates files and folders
• Stores data securely
• The files can be copied, moved or deleted
• Maintains file structure

This assists the users with easy and systematic access to their data.

Device Management

A computer is composed of different hardware devices, including:

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Printer
• Monitor
• Speakers

The operating system is in charge of communication between these devices and the computer.

As an example, a print command is issued, and the operating system issues instructions to the printer.

Security Management

Security is a critical operating system functionality.

It protects the system by:

• Managing user accounts
• Setting passwords
• Regulating access permissions
• Antivirus programs.

It has security features that make it impossible to access unauthorised data.

Importance of an Operating System

The operating system is essential in ensuring that the computer becomes functional and user-friendly.

It uses:

• Enables communication between the user and the computer.
• Effective management of system resources.
• Provides an easy running of applications.
• Ensures security and stability.
• Enhances the performance of the entire system.

Hardware and software cannot coexist without a working system.

QUIZ FOR OPERATING SYSTEM

1. So what is the primary purpose of an operating system (OS) in a computer?

A) Create presentations
B) Hardware and software management.
C) Design websites
D) Store only images

Answer: B) Hardware and software management.

2. What is one of the examples of an operating system?

A) MS Word
B) Linux
C) PowerPoint
D) Chrome

Answer: B) Linux

3. This is the case when a computer is turned on, and the operating system automatically loads. What is this process called?

A) Compiling
B) Booting
C) Installing
D) Executing

Answer: B) Booting

4. A student is writing a report and downloading a file; at the same time, he or she listens to music. How does OS functionality enable you to run many programs simultaneously?

A) File Management
B) Memory Management
C) Process Management
D) Device Management

Answer: C) Process Management

5. What type of operating system can be used when a computer can only have one user working on it?

A) Multi-user OS
B) Distributed OS
C) Single-user OS
D) Network OS

Answer: C) Single-user OS

6. In a server company, numerous employees are using the same system concurrently with dissimilar accounts. What operating system is being utilised?

A) Single-user OS
B) Multi-user OS
C) Embedded OS
D) Real-time OS

Answer: B) Multi-user OS

7. Which OS function is used when you press Print on a document that allows the computer and the printer to communicate?

A) File Management
B) Device Management
C) Memory Management
D) Process Management

Answer: B) Device Management

8. A program attempts to consume excessively more RAM than what is permitted, and the system will not allow it to interfere with other programs. What is the OS functionality that does that?

A) File Management
B) Security Management
C) Memory Management
D) Device Management

Answer: C) Memory Management

9. Which OS feature will enable the user to create folders, transfer files and erase documents?

A) Process Management
B) File Management
C) Device Management
D) Security Management

Answer: B) File Management

10. Passwords and user accounts are necessary on a computer to ensure that an unauthorised user does not access files. Which OS functionality does this protection provide?

A) Device Management
B) Memory Management
C) Security Management
D) File Management

Answer: C) Security Management.