Networking

• With respect to class 8 Networking, to exchange data and perform an action, we have a group of computers and other devices connected together which are known as Network.
• These devices on the network can be thought of as a node which has a unique address, which is a numeric quantity.

With respect to class 8 Networking, we have two principle kinds of networks:

Wide Area Networks (WANs) and Local Area Networks (LANs)

Wide Area Networks (WANs) with respect to class 8 Networking

• This network connects computers to a larger extent
• It widely covers cities, countries, and continents.
• Packet switching technology is used here.

Local Area Networks (LANs) with respect to class 8 Networking

• This network connects computers to a smaller extent
• It covers networks with a building or closely related buildings.
• Examples of LANs are - Ethernet, Token Ring, and Fiber Distributed Data Interconnect (FDDI).

Ethernet LANs – Communication-based on a bus topology.
Token ring LANs – Communication-based on the ring topology

FDDI LANs – Communication uses optical fiber and is based on the token ring mechanism where two rings flow in the opposite directions.

OSI Layers

Physical layer with respect to class 8 computer lessons –

• This layer uses electronic circuits for data transmission.
• The main role of this layer is to ensure that the data is shared in a safe and efficient way.

Data link layer with respect to class 8 computer lessons –

• The main purpose is to interpret the information in the physical layer.
• Any error is detected here in this layer.
• It is responsible for data encapsulation, where the data is encapsulated in the form of packets.

Network layer with respect to class 8 computer lessons –

• Network layer helps to transfer the packets from a source A to a destination B.
• The main role is to route the information.

Transport layer with respect to class 8 computer lessons –

• It is useful to delivery the packets from a source A to a destination B.
• Also, this ensures an end to end error control.

Session layer with respect to class 8 computer lessons –

• It is responsible for the management of network access.
• Network access includes authentication, permissions and session restoration.

Presentation layer with respect to class 8 computer lessons –

• It determines the format of the data transmitted to applications.
• It performs tasks such as data compressing/decompressing, encrypting etc.
• It codes into 0s and 1s.

Application layer with respect to class 8 computer lessons –

• This layer contains the applications which are used by the end-user.
• Example – The paint program that we use on our computer.

TCP/IP Model with respect to class 8 Networking

• Protocols define the set of rules that govern the communications between two computers connected on to a network.
• It addresses and routes the messages, detects the error and recovers them, sequence and flow controls etc.
• TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
• IP - Internet Protocol

The TCP/IP Model consists of 4 layers they are:

• Application layer
• Transport layer
• Internet layer
• Network layer

Network layer with respect to class 8 Networking -

• In the OSI model, it performs the same function as the physical, the data link and network layers.
• The IP addresses and network physical addresses are mapped here.
• Encapsulation of IP datagrams.

Internet layer with respect to class 8 Networking -

• Internet layer helps in providing the frame for transmitting data.
• These data are transmitted from place A to place B.
• Data transmission is based on the Internet Protocol (IP).
• It usually lies at the heart of TCP/IP.

Transport layer with respect to class 8 Networking -

• Works based on two main protocols which are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
• TCP - It guarantees safe delivery, error detection and safe data transmission. It assures that data is received in the correct order with help of IP.
• UDP - These are useful for sending small size data.

Application layer with respect to class 8 Networking -

• Performs the same function as an application, presentation, and session layers of the OSI layers.
• Protocols involved in this layer: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, etc.
• HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol defines the format on how a message is transmitted, and the action for various commands on a web server/browser.
• FTP – When two machines are connected to the internet, file transfer protocol allows transferring collection of files.
• SMTP – Simple Network Management Protocol takes care of the management of the network.

Internet Protocol (IP) with respect to class 8 Networking –

The main functions of Internet protocol are

→ Firstly, the information is decomposed into packets of standardized size and then reassembled at the destination.

→ It also routes a packet through networks, from the source to the destination which is identified by its IP address.

Recap with respect to class 8 Networking 

Networking

With respect to class 8 computer lessons, a network can be simply defined as a group of computers and other devices connected in order to exchange data.

There are two principal kinds of networks

Wide Area Networks (WANs) and Local Area Networks (LANs)

• Ethernet, Token Ring, and Fiber Distributed Data Interconnect (FDDI).

OSI Layers

Functions of data transmission through OSI layers

TCP/IP Model

Consists of only 4 layers they are:

• Application layer
• Transport layer
• Internet layer
• Network layer